Race Social Categorization, Not Biological Essay

The English term ‘race’ is believed to originate from the Spanish word raza, which means ‘breed’ or ‘stock’ (Race). People use race to define other groups, this separation of groups is based largely on physical features. Features like skin color and hair don’t affect the fundamental biology of human variation (Hotz). Race is truly only skin deep, there are no true biological separations between two ‘racial’ groups. Scientifically speaking, there is more variation between single local groups than there is between two large, global groups; the human variation is constantly altering (Lewontin). The majority of today’s anthropologists agree that race is a form of social categorization, not the separation of groups based on biological†¦show more content†¦As Europeans began to explore they were in need of a way to categorize their findings, including other humans (Race). Modern use of race has continued to alter itself, much like its ancestral use has. According to the United States Department of Interior, the census used during the 1870’s separated the population in the states into five races: White, Colored (Black), Colored (Mulatto), Chinese, and Indian. Then in the 1950’s, the United States used a different categorizing system, the races were divided into only three races: White, Black, and Others. The American culture once again changed its approach in how it racially divided groups this was seen in the 1980’s census. The census if the 1980’s used a more ethnically individualized groupings, the races used were: White, Black, Hispanic, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Vietnamese, American Indian, Asian Indian, Hawaiian, Guamanian, Samoan, Eskimo, Aleut, and Other. Great Britain, much like the united stated, in 1981 recognized many different races; the races recognized by Great Britain included Lebanese, Indian, Vi etnamese, and Sri Lankan. The country of Brazil uses many names for to define the degrees of difference between the white and black, some of these names include preto, cabra, escuro, and pardo. The continuous change of separation by races shows how the more the political landscape shifted in the United States and around the world the amount of racesShow MoreRelatedThe Ho, Roberts And Gelman Article, Essentialism And Racial Bias1491 Words   |  6 PagesGelman article ‘Essentialism and Racial Bias Jointly Contribute to the Categorizations of Multiracial Individuals’ examined the joint effects of cognitive biases and social biases on hypodescent. Loosely, hypodescent can be defined as individuals’ penchant to categorize mixed race individuals into solely the race of the minority category (Ho et al., 2015). While previous studies have examined the effects of cognitive biases and social motivation on hypodescence respectively, the authors were motivatedRead MoreA Re sponse on Social Inequality Essay683 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ A Response on Social Inequality We live in a culturally diverse world. Age, gender, sexual orientation, ethnic heritage and race are some of the diverse areas in society that are deemed significant. In spite of all these differences we tend to center ourselves around people who are similar to us; those who share the same biological and physical characteristics, same status and similar lifestyles. Because of this it is our human nature to be ethnocentric towards those who are different fromRead MoreRacial Formation : Racism And Race983 Words   |  4 PagesOmi, Winant – Racial Formation In Omi and Winant, Racial Formation the topic of what race is brought up. They bring up the question of What is race? Which lead to the use of pseudo-science to justify the physical difference that were observed. Race is later defined as a social construct which is shaped by broader societal forces. In the United States the racial division between Blacks and Whites have been delineated in order to suppress Blacks. They have been enforced by arbitrary and non-consistentRead MoreEssay on Shade Of Citizenship: Race, Citizenship In Modern Politics1064 Words   |  5 PagesShade of Citizenship: Race, Citizenship in Modern Politics A very vexing topic of discussion indeed when it comes to the census and its racial undertones. The census can be defined as the scientific method of collecting data as records for the government or state use for the proper control of public properties. However, what completely alters the whole process is its highly comparative analytical stance adopted which inserts in elements of difference. The census is a crucial political instrumentRead MoreRacism Racism1172 Words   |  5 Pagesreal, race is not,† the author Adam Hochman argues that while racism is a very real and terrible system within our global society, the concept of race is not real and cannot be proven as such either biologically or socially speaking. Hochman states that though racism has emerged from the categorization of populations based upon physical attributes, race itself does not truly exist. Furthermore, he purports that race has no biological foundation; though most people believe race is biological in natureRead MoreRace: Floating Signifier1549 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis Response: Biology, Race, and Floating Signifiers In the video, Race: The Floating Signifier, Stuart Hall counters the thought that race is connected with the biological aspect. Rather than considering race as due to the biological make up of an individual, it is a collection of characteristics brought together that forms one s race. That is how Stuart Hall views race, as a floating signifier, something that is ever changing and not static. This paper will discuss the troubles of usingRead MoreCorrelation Between Race And Health Inequalities905 Words   |  4 PagesWorld’s Health Organization’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health, I have the opportunity to examine the relationship between race and health inequalities. Race is a significant predictor of the distribution of health inequalities as it is quite notable that people with similar biological traits seem to experience a non-random distribution of morbidity and mortality. There are various underlying factors of health inequalities in relation to race. T his report will focus on the scientific misconceptionRead MoreRace And Ethnicity Are Integral Parts Of America905 Words   |  4 PagesRace and Ethnicity are integral parts of America. They are often used interchangeably. Race is associated with biology. It is a socially and politically constructed category of individuals who are assumed to share common inborn biological traits, such as bone structure, hair type, skin, or eye color. These distinctions have been used to the detriment or advantage of American groups over time. Whereas ethnicity is associated with culture factors. It is often tied to nationality of origin and characterizedRead MoreThe Human Genome Project Essay examples1068 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermine the sequences of the three billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, improve tools for data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project. In favor of achieving these goals, scientists studied the genetic makeup of several nonhuman organisms (Human Genome Management Information System, 2011). The HGP exclusively provided information about theRead MoreRace and the Census: Effect on the Social Context of Cultural and Social Identity1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe focus of this research study is to explore the construct of race in the census survey and the effect that it has on the social context of both cultural and social identity. These changes are based on the evolving landscape of the population as it pertains to the characteristics of its people. The Census was first administered in the 1790 and would take place every ten years . Its main purpose was to better respond to the needs of its citizens and how the government would represent the growing

Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the term used to identify the developmental deficits in correlation to maintaining one’s attention, hyperactivity, the ability to resist distractions, restricted behavior, etc. While ADHD begins fairly early within a child’s brain maturation, if not properly diagnosed and treated, it is very likely that it could continue on into adulthood. For many years, researchers studied the effects of intervention, in both medical treatment as well as behavioral therapy. Not to mention, there have been many assumptions, yet no absolute cure for ADHD. However, the debate continues as to which is more efficacious in assisting with managing the disability. The use of empathy during therapy, the long-term effects of medication, educating the support system and the use of transferences and psychodynamics will be the foundation of this research. These pieces will all service in an attempt to identify the success of ADHD and behavioral in tervention. Since 2011, nearly 6.4 million adolescents, that are between the ages of 4 and 17 years old, have been diagnosed with ADHD (Visser et al., 2014). In many cases, children with ADHD display obvious difficulties with paying attention, finishing tasks, following instructions, managing anger and frustration. While that is true, the experiences during adolescent years, are believed to be an important factor in their mental development. Additionally, treating ADHD with behavioral intervention is mostShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The disorders range from intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, communication disorders, all the way through to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this c an have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children between the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesgiven out for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. â€Å"An article from prescription provider Express scripts, finds a large overall increase in the number of Americans treated for ADHD there was a 36 percent increase in just five years† (David Muzina, 2014). When statistics like this are seen it is only normal for someone to ask questions. People are becoming curious about the legitimacy of the disorder, and whether or not the treatments being given to the individual are appropriate. ADHD may seem controversial Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one the most common psychiatric disorder in children all over the world estimated at 5 percent of children [1] the symptoms of ADHD is characterized by of hyperactivity, inattention, , and/or impulsivity with before the age of 7, with functional impairment in 2 or more settings[2].Subtypes of ADHD has 4 predominantly hyperactive, predominantly inattentive, a combination of both and not otherwise specified.[3] sleep problems associated with ADHD diagnosis which is very common, which its results may reach up to 70 percent of ADHD children.[4] . Report from the parent of ADHD children’s suggest falling and staying asleep are the most complaints about daytime sleepiness In comparison with other normal children .[5]The relations between sleep and ADHD is complicated and multifaceted.[6] Sleep disturbance may be primary with ADHD, or may secondary to any other causes or medication.[7] On the other side sleep problems can, lead to ADHD-like symptoms or developmental of ADHD [8,9] This relationships are complicated by the use of the medication to manage ADHD, which lead to disturb of sleep in some children[10] some studies suggest improve symptoms of ADHD by improving sleep [11]. Despite extensive research, the complex interactions between ADHD and sleep comorbidities remain unclear. Which may reflect the neuroanatomical and functional overlap in brain regions between sleep regulation, arousal and attentionShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The disorders range from intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, communication disorders, all the way through to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this c an have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children be tween the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focus

Project Management Maturity Model

Question: Describe about the Project Management Maturity Model? Answer: Introduction According to Walker (2015), the project managers have a significant role in project management. They actively initiate, plan, design, execute and control the entire operations within the project. Different industries like construction, petrochemical, architecture IT industries require the management of project managers for production of their products and provide services. As stated by Schwalbe (2015), the time management, quality maintenance and costing is an important factor for the project management. The project managers should develop strategies for improving the quality of products and services, meeting the deadline of the projects, and analyzing the cost expense of project. It is a crucial factor for the management of project. On the other hand, Phillips (2013) stated that proper planning can help in reducing the factors of cost, time and scope and their role in project management as Project Management Triangle. The three factors have been termed as constraints and they are in dependent to each other. Quality is an integral part that facilitates the project and the managers are required for managing the project quality. Balancing among Cost, Time and Quality in Project Management Importance of Time Management of a Project Neumann et al. (2012) have defined the time as the duration required for completion of the project fulfilling all the needs of the project from the organization. The duration of the project plays an important role for the project and it should be properly managed for achieving the efficient results of the project. The activities for completion of the project can consume a considerable amount of time. Every project is assigned with a deadline, before which the project must be completed. Bakker et al. (2013), has pointed out that the completion of task depends on a number of factors such as working condition, experience, skills, and number of people working on the project. Hence, for management of project all these factors must be considered and proper and effective management must be done in each of the aspects for managing the time of the project. However, Crawford (2014), has pointed out that time is an uncontrollable factor. It has been seen several times that the project failure c an be observed in some cases and it creates adverse effect on the organization and the project manager managing the project. The lack of resource is the major reason for the failure of the project or not meeting the time requirements of the project. Importance of Cost Management of a Project According to Heagney (2012), the cost in a project can be defined as the amount of money that would be required to be invested in the project for completion. It includes all the expenses the organization have to do for buying the initial raw materials and tools that would be required in the project. Alberighi et al. (2013), has stated their views on the cost effectiveness of the project management as the most crucial and necessary for any project. The whole idea of doing any project in the organization is attaining profit at the end of the project. The profit calculation can be done by analyzing the project and making the list for the expenses. However, according to Sallam et al. (2015), the cost analysis of a project is imperative from both financial and managerial point of view. The project manager and the organization both require having an estimation of the project that they would undertake. Hope and Fraser (2013) explained that the budgeting of the project would ensure that the developed project would be implemented at a known confided cost. Irrespective of such points, Verzuh (2015) has stated arguments that an additional provision for the expenses of the project. Even the projects are being limited to a certain costs, the project managers can keep a provision for meeting the needs for additional cost that may arise during the project operations. Importance of Quality Management of a Project Burke (2013) opined that the quality of the project as the instant needs of the project that helps in providing the desired or required functionality to the operations of the project. According to Phillips (2013), the quality of the project is the eventual objective of the project. The projects yielding good quality are beneficial for attaining customer satisfaction. The project management triangle implies the quality of the project delivered. Sallam et al. (2015) has stated that high quality projects cost high. It means that for achieving fine quality of the project, the expenses on the project must be high. The projects yielding low quality for meeting the deadline of the projects is not beneficial in terms of overall success of the project. Hence, as per the theory of Leong et al. (2014), the quality maintenance plays a crucial role for the project success and time and cost are related to the quality of the project. The successful management of a project can result in yielding fine quality of project and services to the customers. Role of managers in Managing the balance between Quality, Time and Cost in a project Neumann et al. (2012) have stated that the success of any project is the combined effort of project plan development, management of operations and successful implementation that provides the desired outcome for the project. The effective management of the quality, time, and cost to form a balance among them is crucial for the successful operations of the project. Bakker et al. (2013) have pointed out the balance between these three factors have a varying aspect and it is related to the key requirements of the project. The quality, time, and cost factors impact on varied level at different circumstances of the project. Leong et al. (2014) stated that for the manger of the project, prioritizing of any one of the factors over the remaining two is needed. It is related with consideration of the different scenarios of the project during the operations. Hope and Fraser (2013) explained the relation of cost, time, and quality with direct relation to each other. The project managers have to reduce the quality or increase the cost of the project for meeting the particular deadline. Therefore, a missed deadline for any project may result in compensation of cost factor. The managers would have to reduce the cost of the raw materials and hence, it would affect the quality of the project. Verzuh (2015) described that the role of managers in managing the balance among the cost, quality and time by assigning good project budget and installing a superior delivery team. They would support the manager for the process of managing the project by efficient assessments to the time, quality, and cost factors. Alberighi et al. (2013) have pointed out that the reasonable set budget by the managers can lead to disciplined activities that would stimulate the creative and innovative ideas in the team members. The managers balance the factors of time, quality, and cost in creating a sound financial system for management that is prone to deliver high quality project within the stipulated deadline. According to Heagney (2012), the managers have started considering the entire life of the project rather than just the construction and design cost of the project during the cost analysis. It would be helpful for balancing the three factors and making the whole life cost analysis of the project. The managers have significant role for overcoming the challenges to the project in presence of these constraints. Walker (2015) pointed out the roles of manager in maintaining the quality, meeting the deadline, and analyzing the cost of the project with an outline of their roles. The managers and their roles are very significant for meeting the requirements of the project. Conclusion These are some of the roles of a manager in maintaining a balance among the factors of time, cost and quality of the report. The mangers have to provide all the information to the stakeholders about the planning, progress, and expected outcome of the project. There are various tools and techniques that can be used for facing the challenges of the project and keeping the balance in the triple constraints for achieving the desired quality of the project. Balancing the investment of the project over its whole life in contrast to the expected benefits would provide the whole life value of the project. Hence, there should be a provision in the business plan for the extra or sudden expense of the project. A good project manager successfully executes the project operations in such a way that there is a proper balance among the factors. Recommendations The role of managers in the project Defining project Plan: The managers should define the plan of the project considering the whole life span of the project. Obtain the key resources: The managers should provide an insight of the project to the stakeholders and it would be helpful for managing the cost of the project. Analysis of the operations: The managers should keep an eye for the assessment of the operations and monitor the risks for providing superior quality of the project outcome. References Alberighi, O.D.C., Accame, L., Frenkel, J., Gattorno, M., Martini, A., Neven, B., Quartier, P., Pierotti, F. and Turchetti, G., 2013. PW02-027-CAPS and cost-effectiveness analysis project.Pediatric Rheumatology,11(1), p.1. Bakker, R.M., Boro, S., Kenis, P. and Oerlemans, L.A., 2013. It's only temporary: time frame and the dynamics of creative project teams.British Journal of Management,24(3), pp.383-397. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Crawford, J.K., 2014.Project management maturity model. CRC Press. Heagney, J., 2012.Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Hope, J. and Fraser, R., 2013.Beyond budgeting: how managers can break free from the annual performance trap. Harvard Business Press. Leong, T.K., Zakuan, N., Mat Saman, M.Z., Ariff, M.S.M. and Tan, C.S., 2014. Using project performance to measure effectiveness of quality management system maintenance and practices in construction industry.The Scientific World Journal,2014. Neumann, K., Schwindt, C. and Zimmermann, J., 2012.Project scheduling with time windows and scarce resources: temporal and resource-constrained project scheduling with regular and nonregular objective functions. Springer Science Business Media. Phillips, J., 2013.PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Verzuh, E., 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Wilson, K.D., Shen, P., Fung, E., Karakikes, I., Zhang, A., InanlooRahatloo, K., Odegaard, J., Sallam, K., Davis, R.W., Lui, G.K. and Ashley, E.A., 2015. A rapid, high-quality, cost-effective, comprehensive and expandable targeted next-generation sequencing assay for inherited heart diseases.Circulation research,117(7), pp.603-611.

Accounting for Partnership Business free essay sample

Through the comparison of the different business structures, Christina and David will choose the partnership as the form of business entity to commerce their new business. This report will discuss the reasons of choosing the partnership and then point out the advantages and disadvantages of different business structures. It will also explain the registration process and agencies that are involved in the form of partnership entity. Finally, based on the partnership agreement, some implications and financial reports will be given in the report. Sole trader The three main options are sole trader, partnership and company. Each has advantages and disadvantages, depending on various circumstances. Running a new business as a sole trader is the easiest approach, since getting started costs very little and is simple. The sole trader does not pay separate income tax and is not subject to company regulation such as the Corporations Act (Birt, Chalmers, Byrne, Brooks amp; Oliver, 2012). Also, the owner can retain full control, have rights to make decisions and get all the profits, if the business underperforms, he can offset losses against other income. However, the individual has unlimited liability since it is not a separate legal entity. That is to say, the owner is personally responsible for all the debts incurred by the business. If it goes bad, he may be forced to sell other assets and the personal assets could be at risk. The tax disadvantage is that a person may be liable to pay income tax up to the top marginal tax rate (Pendieton amp; Vickery, 2005). Moreover, this form is limited by skill, time and investment of the individual owner (Harris, Hargovan amp; Adams, 2009). Partnership Partnership, as a form of business structure, involves a group of two or more people carrying on the business in common with a view to profit (Harris, Hargovan amp; Adams, 2009). The partners will share the profits, losses and risks based on the ownership structures described in the partnership agreement (Birt et al. , 2012). The use of partnerships and its attractions can be attributed to several reasons. First and foremost, as is the case with sole trader, partnership is easy to set up with minimal costs and resources. Individuals are not required to prepare additional paperwork to form an ordinary partnership (Harris, Hargovan amp; Adams, 2009). However, they must fulfill the same registration requirements as other new business. Meanwhile, as with sole traders, although many partnerships use MYOB or QuickBooks to assist in report preparation, there are no formal requirements for partnership financial statements on the basis of accounting standards (Birt et al. , 2012). In other words, there is not bound by accounting standards and it is easy to create without many formalities due to lighter government regulation compared to companies. In the second place, the partnership does not pay separate taxation on the income and profits they earned and has the ability to split tax and share the responsibility for running the business. Although the partnership will present an annual partnership income tax return to the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) in order to maintain the partnership’s income and deductions for the period, they do not need to obey as much government regulation as companies (Birt et al. , 2012). Furthermore, the pooling of capital and resources is a plus as is the simplicity and tax arrangement (Harris, Hargovan amp; Adams, 2009). It means that this structure can combine the capital, skills as well as the talents, which will promote the efficiency of decision-making (Kimmel, 2008). But each partner takes on unlimited liability for the businesss debts and there is also the risk of dysfunctional disagreements among the partners (Pendieton amp; Vickery, 2005). Company With the company option, it is a form of business organization and separate entity from its directors and members. One of the advantages is the ownership flexibility, shareholders being able to come and go without unduly affecting the business. At the same time, the limited liability of shareholders leads to the transference of the ownership rights for shareholders (Pendieton amp; Vickery, 2005). Other advantages include that it is easy to raise capital through public share offerings and expand the business networks effectively due to legal structure (Birt et al. , 2012). Nevertheless, it is expensive and time consuming to set up. Complying with Corporations Act and other legal requirements, different types of companies need to prepare the financial reports based on accounting standards as well as conduct the complicated operational procedure like shareholder meetings or cultural management. While company taxation rates may be lower than some individual tax rates, tax losses are not passed through to the members because of its separate legal entity (Seidman, 1950). Therefore, the distinctive features of the partnership structure overweigh its disadvantages. The comparisons between the sole trader, partnership and company also show that the partnership is an appropriate choice for Christina and David’s small business. It is common in the fields of law and accounting. There are four essential elements for partnership: there must be a valid agreement between the parties ensuring the relationship; there must be a business being carrying on in accordance with Partnership Act; there must be two or more persons working in the business together although there may be silent partners who are not actively involved in the management; there must be a motivation to run the business so as to generate a profit, even if business is ultimately unsuccessful in making a profit (Pendieton amp; Vickery, 2005). The carrying on of a business may include a continuing activity over a period of time. Accordingly Christina and David can fulfill the above conditions and choose the partnership to conduct their business. Registration Process To conduct their business in a better way, registration processes and relative agencies involved in the formation of the partnership should be taken into account. To begin with, the basic registration requirements consists of applying for and Australian Business Number (ABN), which is an identifying number for dealing with the ATO and other government departments (Birt et al. 2012). Similarly, the partnership business need to register a unique number to increase the efficiency in administering tax called tax file number (TFN). The next step is that Christina and David need to elect to use a business name Camp;D tax agents for trading purpose. The business name is administered by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). This information is he ld in a public registry under the state or territory Business Name Registration Act 2011 (Harris, Hargovan amp; Adams, 2009). It details the identities of persons conducting the business and is useful for creditors. By accessing the information, creditors can ascertain who is operating the business. Another main registration requirement is the partnership agreement between two or more parties to enter into a legally binding relationship. The creation of partnership is essentially contractual in nature and the rules applicable to the formation of a contract must be followed for the partnership to have validity (Kimmel, 2008). If there is no partnership agreement, then the law assumes that all profits and losses will be shared equally between the partners. In this case, Christina and David decide to have a formal written partnership agreement because it clarify each partners roles, responsibilities, assets and liabilities and reduces the likelihood of disputes. An agreement can also cover what happens if the structure is dissolved or changed, for example, through the retirement or death of one of the partners (Pendieton amp; Vickery, 2005). Written agreement also needs to cover including the name of partnership, the role and authority of each partner, proportion of ownership of each partner, the manner of dissolution, the distribution of assets on dissolution and the resolution of disputes (Birt et al. , 2012). According to contribution of cash from Christina and David, which are $80,000 and $30,500 separately, Christina should be entitled to 73%, a greater share than David who accounts for 27% of the profits and losses. The salary of Christina and David is $5,600 each er month and are paid by fortnight. In terms of taxation, a partnership has its own TFN and lodges its own separate tax return with ATO (Birt et al. , 2012). In other words, although the partnership does not pay tax, individuals need to lodge an annual partnership income tax return on behalf of the business to show the total income earned and deductions claimed by the business. The tax return also shows each partners share of net partnership income as set out in the partnership agreement. Each partner includes their share on the individual tax return. As a partner, you must pay tax on your share of the partnership income you earn. Under a partnership, each partner is personally liable for the tax debts of the partnership. As a member of the partnership, youre responsible for your own super arrangements as youre not an employee of the business. You may be able to claim a deduction for any personal super contributions you make, and the partnership must make super contributions for any eligible workers they employ (Seidman, 1950). Lastly, individual partner is responsible for paying tax on the business income. Taking their partnership reports into account, there is no bound by accounting standards or company regulation, thus there is no guideline to follow when producing financial reports. Meanwhile, it is flexible in how they report on their financial position and financial performance (Kimmel, 2008). Financial Report On 1 July 2012, Christina and David established a partnership business structure named Camp;D tax agent, specializing in tax return service for customers. Christina and David managed the business themselves and hired Paula as an assistant. According to the written partnership agreement, they are liable for the debts and Christina is entitled to 72%, David is entitled to 27% of the profits and losses. The salary of Christina and David is $5,600 each per month. The main income comes from a contract with XYZ Ltd and tax return service for clients. To ensure the efficiency of the operation, they purchased a Bamp;W computer and signed a three-year lease on a BMW. Besides, the business expenses include rents, stationery, bills, advertising fees and so on. Now Camp;D tax agent has been operated for one month, the following transactions have occurred. Hence a worksheet is prepared as follows (Figure 1). Figure 1 Worksheet Figure 1 Worksheet The income statement reflects the success of the partnership in generating profits from its available resources during period ending 31 July 2012 using accrual accounting and also assesses the profitability of an entity throughout the life of the partnership (Birt et al. , 2012). In order to reflect the profits ability of Camp;D tax agent, the income statement is presented in Figure 2. Camp;D Tax Agent| Income Statement for period ending 31 July 2012| Income| | $| $| ?| Revenue| 29,595 | ? | Total income | | | 29,595 |